The online battle for the truth: Experts warn accuracy is 'no longer seen as important' as social media drives misinformation

  • False information now spreading further than ever on powerful social networks 
  • Experts say some reject accurate info that is 'discomforting to their worldview'
  • Many see Facebook as main vehicle for spreading misinformation in recent years

False information is saturating political debate worldwide and undermining an already weak level of trust in the media and institutions, spreading further than ever on powerful social networks.

US President Donald Trump has popularised the term 'fake news', using it mainly as an accusation levelled at the media, and it is increasingly used by politicians from Spain to China, Myanmar or Russia.

'Fake news' has been generalised to mean anything from a mistake to a parody or a deliberate misinterpretation of facts.

At the same time, the proliferation of false online information is increasingly visible in attempts to manipulate elections, notoriously surrounding Trump's 2016 victory.

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US President Donald Trump has popularised the term 'fake news' and used it to attack the news media

US President Donald Trump has popularised the term 'fake news' and used it to attack the news media

Nearly two years after Trump's shock win, debate is still raging on the impact of 'fake news' on the presidential campaign.

The build-up saw numerous examples of hoaxes and false news stories -- one about Hillary Clinton's alleged links to a child sex ring, another about the Pope purportedly endorsing Trump -- which were shared massively and some believe could have swung votes to tip Trump to victory.

Misinformation had 'a significant impact' on voting decisions, according to Ohio State University researchers, who questioned voters about whether they believed certain false stories.

The researchers said it was impossible to prove that false information had changed the course of the election but noted it would have required a change in just 0.6 percent of voters, or 77,744 people, in three key states, to alter the electoral college outcome.

Since the election, Trump has denounced as 'fake news' any information that displeases him while his aides have offered a mixture of truth and distortions, sometimes described as 'alternative facts.'

This has hurt the credibility of the US news media and led some to describe the current period as a 'post-truth era' -- an age without a shared reality.

'The truth is no longer seen as important,' said John Huxford of Illinois State University, whose research focuses on false information, adding that 'lies and fabrication even seem to bolster one's reputation and political prowess among their core supporters.'

Some studies suggest that more people are willing to believe falsehoods as partisanship has risen. 

Researchers found that false reports influenced the perception of several social movements, including a truckers strike in Brazil last year

Researchers found that false reports influenced the perception of several social movements, including a truckers strike in Brazil last year

WHAT HAS FACEBOOK DONE TO TACKLE FAKE NEWS?

In 2016, following the shock November 2016 US election results, Mark Zuckerberg claimed: 'Of all the content on Facebook, more than 99 per cent of what people see is authentic'.

He also cautioned that the company should not rush into fact-checking. 

But Zuckerberg soon came under fire after it emerged fake news had helped sway the election results.

In response, the company rolled out a 'Disputed' flagging system that it announced in a December 2016 post. 

The system meant users were responsible for flagging items that they believed were fake, rather than the company.

In April 2017, Facebook suggested the system had been a success. 

It said that 'overall false news has decreased on Facebook' - but did not provide any proof.

'It's hard for us to measure because we can't read everything that gets posted', it said. 

But it soon emerged that Facebook was not providing the full story. 

In July 2017, Oxford researchers found that 'computational propaganda is one of the most powerful tools against democracy,' and Facebook was playing a major role in spreading fake news.

In response, Facebook said it would ban pages that post hoax stories from being allowed to advertise in August 2017.

In September, Facebook finally admitted during congressional questioning that a Russian propaganda mill had placed adverts on Facebook to sway voters around the 2016 campaign.

In December 2017, Facebook admitted that its flagging system for fake news was a failure.

Since then, it has used third-party fact-checkers to identify hoaxes, and then given such stories less prominence in the Facebook News Feed when people share links to them.

In January, Zuckerberg said Facebook would prioritise 'trustworthy' news by using member surveys to identify high-quality outlets.

Facebook has now quietly begun 'fact-checking' photos and videos to reduce fake news stories. However, the details of how it is doing this remain unclear. 

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A 2017 survey, for example, showed that 51 percent of Republicans believed that Barack Obama was born in Kenya, despite the hoax being debunked dozens of times.

Many people reject accurate information which is 'discomforting to their self-concept or worldview,' noted a study by Professor Brendan Nyhan of Dartmouth College in the United States and Jason Reifler of the University of Exeter in the UK.

'Some misinformed individuals may already be at least tacitly aware of the correct information but (are) uncomfortable acknowledging it.'

In 2018, the average level of trust in the news, across 37 countries, remained relatively stable at 44 percent, according to a poll by YouGov for the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.

But Reuters Institute research associate Nic Newman warned in text accompanying the report: 'Our data show that consumer trust in news remains worryingly low in most countries, often linked to high levels of media polarisation, and the perception of undue political influence.'

The staged death of anti-Kremlin journalist Arkady Babchenko in May has been described by a press watchdog as 'a godsend for paranoid people and conspiracy theorists'

The staged death of anti-Kremlin journalist Arkady Babchenko in May has been described by a press watchdog as 'a godsend for paranoid people and conspiracy theorists'

This is exacerbated by the spread of false information by authority figures. In some countries this can go far. 

For example in Ukraine, where authorities staged the death of Russian journalist Arkady Babchenko at the end of May. Kiev said the move was justified to foil a real plot to assassinate Babchenko.

The staging, broadcast in good faith by media worldwide, 'is a godsend for paranoid people and conspiracy theorists. 

At a time when confidence in news is so low, a state playing with the truth in this way makes things even more complicated,' said Christophe Deloire, secretary general of journalism watchdog Reporters Without Borders.

Political agendas also affect the credibility of the media. Recently, the French media regulator CSA issued a warning to RT's (formerly Russia Today) French office, accusing it of misrepresenting facts in a news bulletin about Syria.

The following day, Russia's communications watchdog said it might strip the France 24 TV channel of its Russian operating license, accusing it of violating a Russian media law introduced in 2015 which restricts foreign ownership of media companies in Russia to 20 percent or less.

Trust in traditional media remains higher than for social networks, according to the YouGov poll. Only 23 percent of those polled said they trusted the news they found on social media.

More than half (54 percent) agreed or strongly agreed that they were concerned about what is real and fake on the internet.

'The very fact that so many people are circulating a piece of misinformation gives it credibility,' said Huxford, of Illinois State University.

Facebook boss Mark Zuckerberg was grilled at the US Congress after the Cambridge Analytica scandal that saw mass data breaches

Facebook boss Mark Zuckerberg was grilled at the US Congress after the Cambridge Analytica scandal that saw mass data breaches

WHAT IS THE CAMBRIDGE ANALYTICA SCANDAL?

Communications firm Cambridge Analytica has offices in London, New York, Washington, as well as Brazil and Malaysia.

The company boasts it can 'find your voters and move them to action' through data-driven campaigns and a team that includes data scientists and behavioural psychologists.

'Within the United States alone, we have played a pivotal role in winning presidential races as well as congressional and state elections,' with data on more than 230 million American voters, Cambridge Analytica claims on its website.

The company profited from a feature that meant apps could ask for permission to access your own data as well as the data of all your Facebook friends.

The data firm suspended its chief executive, Alexander Nix (pictured), after recordings emerged of him making a series of controversial claims, including boasts that Cambridge Analytica had a pivotal role in the election of Donald Trump

The data firm suspended its chief executive, Alexander Nix (pictured), after recordings emerged of him making a series of controversial claims, including boasts that Cambridge Analytica had a pivotal role in the election of Donald Trump

This meant the company was able to mine the information of 87 million Facebook users even though just 270,000 people gave them permission to do so.

This was designed to help them create software that can predict and influence voters' choices at the ballot box.

The data firm suspended its chief executive, Alexander Nix, after recordings emerged of him making a series of controversial claims, including boasts that Cambridge Analytica had a pivotal role in the election of Donald Trump.

This information is said to have been used to help the Brexit campaign in the UK.

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A study released by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in March found that false news spreads more rapidly on Twitter than real news does.

Many see Facebook as being the main vehicle for spreading false information in recent years.

The Cambridge Analytica public relations disaster, in which Facebook admitted that up to 87 million users may have had their data hijacked by the British consultancy firm, came on top of widespread criticism of the social network's propensity to spread and accentuate large amounts of completely false information.

In the US, many Facebook accounts and private pages that were managed by the Internet Research Agency, a Russia-based 'troll farm', were targeted by Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into Trump's campaign links with Russia.

Facebook acknowledged on July 3 that it was facing multiple inquiries from US and British regulators about the Cambridge Analytica user data scandal, after its boss Mark Zuckerberg was grilled by the European Parliament and the US Congress earlier this year.

Under growing pressure, the US giant in 2018 stepped up efforts to communicate and improve technology for tackling false information. 

A third-party fact-checking programme, started in December 2016, now has more than 25 partners in 14 countries including Argentina, the US, the Philippines and Indonesia.

It aims to 'identify potentially false stories' circulating on Facebook and send them to fact-checkers to review. If an article is rated as false, it appears lower in the platform's News Feed and reduces 'future views by over 80 percent on average'.

One country where Facebook has invested in the battle against false information is Brazil, where there was a giant truckers' strike last May.

Communications app WhatsApp was forced to take out full-page adverts following a string of lynchings in India sparked by the sharing of false news reports

Communications app WhatsApp was forced to take out full-page adverts following a string of lynchings in India sparked by the sharing of false news reports

'While the strike was ongoing, a lot of audio was recorded with a lot of false information saying, for example, that in Rio it was impossible to find meat,' Cristina Tardaguila, founder of the Brazilian Agencia Lupa fact-checking organisation.

'There was audio recorded by people supposedly connected to the organisation of the strike, but they were not.'

As in a growing number of countries, most of the messages during the strike were not spread on Facebook, but on WhatsApp, a messaging service with more than one billion global users, owned by Facebook.

The rise in the use of messaging apps for news was noted in the YouGov report, which said that WhatsApp was now used for news by around half of the sample of online users in Malaysia and Brazil and by around a third in Spain and Turkey.

'WhatsApp will be the platform of the fakes during the election,' Tardaguila said, referring to Brazil's presidential polls in October.

WhatsApp is also accused of circulating false information, sometimes with tragic consequences. 

The messaging service has been under immense pressure to curb the spread of misinformation in India, the company's largest market, after the lynching of more than 20 people accused of child abduction in the last two months.

WhatsApp is starting to announce measures to tackle the problem. 

It has taken out full-page advertisements in Indian newspapers offering 'easy tips' to identify fact from fiction, and will soon launch a new feature that will clearly identify whether a message has been forwarded or written by the user.

But the company is unlikely to go much further since it stands firmly by its policy of protecting the privacy of its users with encryption technology.

Like Facebook and Twitter, Google has also come under fire for its role in spreading misinformation.

In March, the tech giant announced a series of projects to tackle false information and support 'credible' media organisations, promising to dedicate $300 million to the efforts over the next three years.

Its search engine also promotes verifications carried out by fact-checking organisations.

Despite the creation of dozens of fact-checking initiatives in recent years and first steps to tackle the problem from the internet giants, efforts to stem the proliferation of false information remain weak.

Meanwhile techniques to create false information are growing more sophisticated with the development of deep fakes -- manipulated videos that appear genuine but depict events or speech that never happened.

For now, deep fakes are technically difficult to create and have not yet had a big impact, but with progress they may further blur the online line between true and false.

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